Family intervention at the beginning of treatment according to the experience of young drug users
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: drug abuse has a wide impact in family, affecting the health of its members, the quality of their relations, and economic situation and social integration of the family as a whole. Several ways of coping have been identified, depending on the style of parenting and on the incidence of a dominant discourse that permeates family practices and stories with a narrative of stigma and exclusion.
Objective: to analyze the content of the experience reported by young drug users about the intervention of their families at the begging of treatment.
Method: qualitative study based on a casuistic and thematic analysis of narrative-biographical interviews conducted with a sample of 11 young drug users in treatment.
Results: two narratives of family intervention were identified: stories relating to disciplinary and repressive actions that can reach high levels of violence, and, less frequently, stories of family support grouped into two categories, emotional and practical-informative support.
Discussion and conclusions: family intervention related with drug use and treatment may be interpreted in terms of the exercise of a “positional” control in the family and of a collectivist culture, dominated by parental authoritarism and a lack of emotional support.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
Aceves, J. E. (1998). La historia oral y de vida. Del recurso técnico a la experiencia de investigación. En Galindo, J. (Coord.). Técnicas de investigación en sociedad, cultura y comunicación (pp.207-276). México: Addison Wesley Longman.
Angenot, M. (2010). El discurso social. México: Siglo XXI Editores.
Appel, M. (2005). La entrevista autobiográfica narrativa: fundamentos teóricos y la praxis del análisis mostrada a partir del estudio de caso sobre el cambio cultural de los Otomíes en México. In Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 6(2). Recuperado de http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/465/995.
Ayres, L. (2000). Narratives of family caregiving: four story types. Research in Nursing & Health, 23(5), 359-371. doi: 10.1002/1098-240X(200010)23:5<359::AID-NUR3>3.0.CO;2-J
Baptista, M. N., Lemos, V., Munhoz, A., & Morais, P. R. (2013). Perception of family support in dependents of alcohol and others drugs: relationship with mental disorders. Adicciones, 25(3), 220-225. doi: 10.20882/adicciones.49.
Barilari, S., Mazieres, G., & Ravazzola, C. (2004). Terapia familiar en un programa de rehabilitación ambulatoria de la drogadicción. Sistemas familiares, 20(1-2), 25-35.
Barnard, M. (2007). Drug addiction and families. Londres: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Barrón, A., & Sánchez, E. (2001). Estructura social, apoyo social y salud mental. Psicothema, 13(1), 17-23. Recuperado de http://www.psicothema.com/pdf/408.pdf
Bernstein, M. (2008). Familias disfuncionales generadoras de conductas adictivas. Sistemas Familiares, 24(1), 37-57.
Bertaux, D. (1989). Los relatos de vida en el análisis social. Historia y Fuente Oral, 1, 87-96. Recuperado de http://metodo3.sociales.uba.ar/files/2014/10/Bertaux-Los-relatos-de-vida-en-el-an%25C3%25A1lisis-social1.pdf
Bertaux, D. (1999). El enfoque biográfico: su validez metodológica y sus potencialidades. Proposiciones, 29, 1-23. Recuperado de http://preval.org/files/14BERTAU.pdf
Brown, V. L., & Riley, M. A. (2005). Social support, drug use and employment among low-income women. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 31(2), 203-223. doi: 10.1081/ ada-200047920
Butler, R., & Bauld, L. (2005). The parents´ experience: coping with drug use in the family. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy,12(1), 35-45. doi: 10.1080/0968763042000275308
Cancrini, L., Cingolani, S., Compagnoni, F., Costantini, D., & Mazzoni, S. (1988). Juvenile drug addiction: a typology of heroin addicts and their families. Family Process, 27(3), 261-271. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.1988.00261.x
Cirillo, S., Berrini, R., Cambiaso, G., & Mazza, R. (1999). La familia del toxicodependiente. Barcelona: Paidós.
Dembo, R., Briones-Robinson, R., Barrett, L. K., Winters, C. K., Ungaro, R., Karas, L., … Belenko, S. (2015). Parenting practices among biological mothers of drug-involved truant youths: a latent profile analysis. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 24(5), 282-294. doi: 10.1080/1067828X.2013.829011
Díaz-Negrete, D. B., Gracia-Gutiérrez de Velasco, S. E., & Fernández- Cáceres, C. (2015). Terapia narrativa. Una alternativa para el tratamiento del uso de drogas. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 18(4), 1539-1569.
Douglas, M. (2003). Natural symbols: explorations in cosmology. Londres: Routledge.
Fachado, A. A., Menéndez, M., & González, L. (2013). Apoyo so - cial: mecanismos y modelos de influencia sobre la enfermedad crónica. Cuadernos de Atención Primaria, 19(2), 118-123. Recuperado de http://www.agamfec.com/wp/wp-content/ uploads/2014/07/19_2_ParaSaberDe_3.pdf
Farías, L., & Montero, M. (2005). De la transcripción y otros aspectos artesanales de la investigación cualitativa. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 4(1), 53-68. doi: 10.1177/160940690500400104
Garmendia, M. L., Alvarado, M. E., Montenegro, M., & Pino, P. (2008). Importancia del apoyo social en la permanencia de la abstinencia del consumo de drogas. Revista Médica de Chile, 136(2), 169-178. doi: 10.4067/S0034-98872008000200005
Gómez, E., Muñoz, M. M., & Haz, A. M. (2007). Familias multiproblemáticas y en riesgo social: características e intervención. Psykhe, 16(2), 43-54. doi: 10.4067/s0718-22282007000200004
Hänninen, V. (2004). A model of narrative circulation. Narrative Inquiry, 14(1), 69-85. doi: 10.1075/ni.14.1.04han
Hiller, S. P., Syvertsen, J. L., Lozada, R., & Ojeda, D. V. (2013). Social support and recovery among mexican female sex workers who inject drugs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 45(1), 44-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2012.12.009
Kirby, K. C., Marlowe, D. B., Festinger, D. S., Garvey, K. A., & LaMonaca, V. (1999). Community reinforcement training for family and significant others of drug abusers: a unilateral intervention to increase treatment entry of drug users. Drug and alcohol dependence,56(1), 85-96. doi: 10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00022-8
Labov, W., & Waletzky, J. (1997). Narrative analysis: oral versions of personal experience. Journal of narrative and life story,7(1-4), 3-38. Recuperado de http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/fichiers/labovNARR.pdf
Larsson, S., Lilja, J., von Braun, T., & Sjöblom, Y. (2013). General theoretical perspectives of narrative analysis of substance use-related dependency. Substance Use & Misuse, 48(13), 1294-1305. doi: 10.3109/10826084.2013.815537
Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research, reading, analysis and interpretation. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications
Macdonald, D., Russell, P., Bland, N., Morrison, A., & de la Cruz, C. (2002). Supporting families and carers of drug users: a review. Edinburgh: Effective Interventions Unit, Scottish Executive. Recuperado de http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/47007/0025628.pdf
Marcos, J. A., & Garrido, F. M. (2009). La terapia familiar en el tratamiento de las adicciones. Apuntes de Psicología, 27(2-3), 339- 362. Recuperado de http://www.apuntesdepsicologia.es/index.php/revista/article/view/151/153
Martínez, M. F., & García, M. (1995). La perspectiva psicosocial en la conceptualización del apoyo social. Revista de Psicología Social,10(1), 61-74. doi: 10.1174/021347495763835265
Orford, J., Natera, G., Davies, J., Nava, A., Mora, J., Rigby, K., … & Velleman R. (1998b). Tolerate, engage or withdraw: a study of the structure of families coping with alcohol and drug problems in South West England and Mexico City. Addiction, 93(12), 1799-1813. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.931217996.x
Orford, J., Natera, G., Davies, J., Nava, A., Mora, J., Rigby, K.,… & Velleman, R. (1998a). Social support in coping with alcoho land drug problems at home: findings from Mexican and English families. Addiction Research, 6(5), 395-420. doi: 10.3109/16066359809026059
Orford, J., Natera, G., Velleman, R., Copello, A., Bowie, N., Bradbury, C., … & Tiburcio, M. (2001). Ways of coping and the health of relatives facing drug and alcohol problems in Mexico and England. Addiction, 96(5), 761-774. doi: 0.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.96576111.x
Orr, C. L., Barbour, S. R., & Elliott, L. (2014). Involving families and carers in drug services: are families “part of the problem”? Families, Relationships and Societies, 3(3), 405-424. doi: 10.1332/204674313X669900
Pacheco, T. A., & Suárez, C. M. (2008). Co-construyendo historias: a la búsqueda de hechos luminosos en los relatos familiares sobre el consum o de drogas. Revista Interamericana de Psicología,42(3), 537-548. Recuperado de http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/rip/v42n3/v42n3a14.pdf
Ramos, L., & Romero, M. (2000). Historia oral y psicología. En Aceves, J. E. (Coord.). Historia oral: ensayos y aportes de investigación (pp. 21-37). México: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social.
Ricoeur, P. (2000). Narratividad, fenomenología y hermenéutica. Anàlisi: Quaderns de Comunicació i Cultura, 25, 189-207. Recuperado de http://www.raco.cat/index.php/analisi/article/viewFile/15057/14898
Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Ripple, H., & Luthar, S. (1996). Familial factors in illicit drug abuse: an interdisciplinary perspective. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 22(2), 147-172. doi: 10.3109/00952999609001651
Rodríguez, A., Pinzón, S. A., Máiquez, A., Herrera, J., de Benito, M., & Cuesta, E. (2004). ¿Tienen apoyo social y familiar los drogodependientes que participan en el programa “libre de drogas” en prisión? Medicina de Familia, 5(1),16-26. Recuperado de http://www.samfyc.es/Revista/PDF/v5n1/04.pdf
Salter, G., & Clark, D. (2004). The impact of substance misuse on the family: a grounded theory analysis of the experience of parents. Swansea: WIRED, University of Wales. Recuperado de http://fsn.ie/uploads/research_files/The_impact_of_drug_misuse_on_the_family_G4.pdf
Sanders, C. J. (2007). A poetics of resistance. Compassionate practice in substance misuse therapy. En Brown, C., & Augusta-Scott, T. (Eds.). Narrative therapy. Making meaning, making lives (pp. 59-76). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. doi: 10.4135/9781452225869.n4
Stanton, M. D., & Todd, T. C. (1989). Terapia familiar del abuso y adicción a las drogas. Barcelona: Editorial Gedisa.
Terol, M. C., López, S., Neipp, M. C., Rodríguez, J., Pastor, M. A., & Martín-Aragón, M. (2004). Apoyo social e instrumentos de evaluación: revisión y clasificación. Anuario de Psicología, 35(1),23-45. Recuperado de http://www.raco.cat/index.php/anuariopsicologia/article/viewFile/61777/96257
Trulsson, K., & Hedin, U. (2004). The role of social support when giving up drug abuse: a female perspective. International Journal of Social Welfare, 13(2), 145-157. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-6866.2004.00308.x
Van Dijk, T. A. (2008). El discurso como interacción en la sociedad. En Van Dijk, T.A. (Comp.). El discurso como interacción social: estudios del discurso, introducción multidisciplinaria (pp. 19-64). Barcelona: Gedisa.
Wasserman, D. A., Stewart, A. L., & Delucchi, K. L. (2001). Social support and abstinence from opiates and cocaine during opioid maintenance treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 65(1),65-75. doi: 10.1016/s0376-8716(01)00151-x
Widdershoven, G. A. (1993). The story of life: hermeneutic perspectives on the relationship between narrative and life history. En Josselson, R., & Lieblich, A. (Ed.). The narrative study of lives (Volumen 1, pp. 1-20). Newbury Park: Sage Publications.