A look at genetics and epigenetics in substance addiction
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Abstract
Los trastornos por consumo de sustancias adictivas han demostrado tener una clara base genética y epigenética (Matus Ortega et al., 2012; Ruíz Contreras et al., 2010; Sanz, 2015). Se ha estimado que los factores genéticos pueden explicar entre 40% y 60% del desarrollo de la adicción, aunque la gran cantidad de polimorfismos encontrados dificulta la identificación de marcadores genéticos específicos (Kendler et al., 1994; Matus Ortega et al., 2012). Los genes son las unidades básicas funcionales de la herencia genética, se calcula que los seres humanos tienen entre 20 mil y 25 mil genes. El ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) es el material hereditario de los seres humanos y se encuentra en el núcleo celular, pero también una pequeña parte se localiza en las mitocondrias. En promedio, las secuencias de ADN de las personas son un 99.9% iguales, la variación del 0.1% representa tres millones de diferencias en los casi tres mil millones de pares de bases en la secuencia de ADN (Genetic Alliance, 2009). Esas diferencias contribuyen a variaciones evidentes como el color de ojos, cabello y altura, y a otras no evidentes como el mayor riesgo o protección de ataques cardiacos, cáncer, demencia o adicción a sustancias.
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